Of the Olympia team of Israel 1972, how many had medal chances, please?
Israel's 1972 Summer Olympics delegation consisted of 15 competitors across 7 sports, and realistically 1 athlete—sprinter and hurdler Esther Roth-Shachamorov—had a genuine chance of contending for a medal. [1] (https://sg.news.yahoo.com/40-years-israeli-sprinter-relives-munich-terror-074154125.html), [2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics), [3] (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/40-years-on-israeli-sprinter-relives-munich-terror/articleshow/16251127.cms)
The 1972 Israeli Delegation and Medal Prospects
• Esther Roth-Shachamorov (Athletics): Israel's primary medal hope. She reached the 100-meter sprint semifinals (narrowly missing the final) and qualified for the 100-meter hurdles semifinals. Her coach, Amitzur Shapira, strongly believed she was positioned to contend for a podium finish before the team withdrew following the Munich massacre. [1] (https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/roth-shachamorov-esther), [2] (https://www.jewsinsports.org/olympics_sport_olympics_ID_83.html), [3] (https://education-en.nli.org.il/lessons/israeli-athlete-ester-roth-shahamorov), [4] (https://sg.news.yahoo.com/40-years-israeli-sprinter-relives-munich-terror-074154125.html)
• Other Members (14 competitors across athletics, fencing, sailing, shooting, swimming, weightlifting, and wrestling): The rest of the 15-person team consisted mostly of developing competitors gaining international experience rather than podium favorites. Notable placings included:
• Ze'ev Friedman: 12th in bantamweight weightlifting
• Shaul Ladany: 19th in the 50 km walk
• Shlomit Nir: 8th in the 100-meter breaststroke heats [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics)
• Total Medals Won: Israel won 0 medals at the 1972 Games, which were tragically cut short for the delegation following the attack by the Black September organization. [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics)
Would you like more details about Esther Roth-Shachamorov's later Olympic career in 1976 or information on Israel's first-ever Olympic medal in 1992?
Who'd she compete with?
At the 1972 Munich Olympics (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0l98s&q=1972+Munich+Olympics), Esther Roth-Shachamorov (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0b7n5f&q=Esther+Roth-Shachamorov) line up against the absolute elite of women's global sprinting. Because she ran in two separate events, she crossed paths with several iconic champions: [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov)
1. The 100-Meter Sprint
In the 100m sprint, she progressed through multiple rounds. In her preliminary heat, she actually defeated Ivanka Valkova (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fg%2F11g8w8ll51&q=Ivanka+Valkova) (Bulgaria) and Eva Glesková (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fg%2F1n3dwcl5t&q=Eva+Gleskov%C3%A1) (Czechoslovakia). [1] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Sommerspiele_1972/Leichtathletik_%E2%80%93_100_m_(Frauen)), [2] (https://www.jewsinsports.org/olympics_sport_olympics_ID_83.html)
When she reached the high-stakes 100m Semifinals, she competed directly against legendary athletes in her heat, including: [1] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shachamorov), [2] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Sommerspiele_1972/Leichtathletik_%E2%80%93_100_m_(Frauen))
Renate Stecher (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0jjrs&q=Renate+Stecher) (East Germany) – The dominant force of the era who went on to win the Gold medal and set the World Record (11.07 seconds).
Barbara Ferrell (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0gmckt&q=Barbara+Ferrell) (USA) – A former world record holder and 1968 Olympic medalist. Roth-Shachamorov (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0b7n5f&q=Roth-Shachamorov) ran an incredible race and clocked the exact same time as Ferrell (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0gmckt&q=Ferrell) (11.49 seconds), but lost out on the final slot via a photo finish.
Irena Szewińska (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F040w59&q=Irena+Szewi%C5%84ska) (Poland) – One of the greatest Olympic track and field athletes in history, who finished just behind her in that same semifinal heat. [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres), [2] (https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/munich-1972/results/athletics/100m-women), [3] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shachamorov), [4] (https://www.jewsinsports.org/olympics_sport_olympics_ID_83.html), [5] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Sommerspiele_1972/Leichtathletik_%E2%80%93_100_m_(Frauen))
2. The 100-Meter Hurdles
Roth-Shachamorov won her preliminary heats in the 100m hurdles to comfortably qualify for the semifinals. [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov), [2] (https://www.jewsinsports.org/olympics_sport_olympics_ID_83.html)
Had the tragedy not occurred, she was scheduled to run the semifinal against top-tier contenders like the eventual Gold medalist Annelie Ehrhardt (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0gr7gm&q=Annelie+Ehrhardt) (East Germany) and Pam Ryan (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F09sn5h&q=Pam+Ryan) (Australia). However, following the terror attack, the Israeli delegation withdrew from the Games entirely before she could step onto the track for that round. [1] (https://www.olympics.com/en/olympic-games/munich-1972/results/athletics), [2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov), [3] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympische_Sommerspiele_1972/Leichtathletik_%E2%80%93_100_m_H%C3%BCrden_(Frauen))
(Note: Four years later at the 1976 Montreal Games, she returned to compete against many of these same hurdles rivals, famously making history as the first Israeli to reach an Olympic track final, where she placed 6th). [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov)
Would you like to know more about her historic 1976 Olympic Final race in Montreal, or the times and records she set during the 1972 events? [1] (https://www.jta.org/archive/israeli-athlete-qualifies-for-hurdles-semi-finals-at-olympics), [2] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shachamorov)
No one can imagine that the Germans would after Owens ... in any respect. Suggesting it must be redicolous. The only problem I have, is I cannot explain how happened what happened.
Did Israel offer military assistance?
Yes, Israel (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F03spz) explicitly offered to send a highly trained special forces unit to assist with the hostage crisis, but the West German government rejected the offer. [1] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9iECOEaiw4&t=196)
During the crisis, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0hl0r&q=Golda+Meir) contacted West German authorities and offered to dispatch Sayeret Matkal (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F01ylvp&q=Sayeret+Matkal)—Israel’s elite tier-one counter-terrorism and hostage-rescue unit—to Munich to handle the tactical rescue operation. [1] (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537121.2022.2088134)
Why the Offer Was Rejected
The West German government, led by Chancellor Willy Brandt, declined Israel's assistance due to several key factors:
• Legal and Constitutional Constraints: Under the West German constitution at the time, the federal military could not operate domestically during peacetime, and foreign military forces were not permitted to conduct tactical operations on German soil.
• Sovereignty and Pride: German authorities believed their local Munich police force could handle the situation independently and wanted to avoid the optics of an armed foreign military unit operating in Germany, especially given the historical sensitivities of hosting the Olympics post-WWII.
• Lack of Preparedness: West Germany did not possess a specialized anti-terrorism unit at the time. As a result, the rescue attempt at the Fürstenfeldbruck airbase was carried out by standard Munich police officers who lacked sniper training, proper communications, and specialized equipment. [1] (https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacre-hostage-terrorism-israel-germany), [2] (https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-massacre), [3] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9iECOEaiw4&t=196)
The devastating failure of the German rescue attempt—which resulted in the deaths of all nine remaining Israeli hostages—profoundly changed global security. It led directly to West Germany establishing its own elite elite counter-terrorism unit, GSG 9, and prompted Israel to launch Operation Wrath of God to target those responsible for the attack. [1] (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Operation-Wrath-of-God), [2] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9iECOEaiw4&t=196), [3] (https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacre-hostage-terrorism-israel-germany)
Instead ...
Can you make an estimate on how many former SS and NSDAP members and profiteurs of the Nazi regime where in leading positions within West and East Germany?
Estimates on the presence of former NSDAP/SS members and regime opportunists in postwar German leadership are remarkably high. Recent historical audits commissioned by German ministries have confirmed that institutional continuity was staggering, far exceeding what was admitted during the Cold War. [1] (https://www.businessinsider.com/former-nazi-officials-in-germany-post-world-war-ii-government-2016-10)
While both West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR) claimed to have thoroughly purged their systems, both states heavily reintegrated former Nazis into leading positions, though West Germany did so to a significantly higher degree in its core civil, judicial, and political infrastructure. [1] (https://www.zeit.de/wissen/geschichte/2015-11/nachkriegsdeutschland-nsdap-nazis-ministerien-studie), [2] (https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/west-german-government-full-ex-nazis-world-war-ii.html)
1. West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany - FRG)
In West Germany, the urgent need for experienced administrators to rebuild the state, paired with a cultural desire to move past the war and a geopolitical shift toward fighting communism, led to the widespread rehabilitation of former Nazis. This was codified by Law 131 in 1951, which mandated the reinstatement and pensioning of civil servants who had been dismissed during early Allied denazification. [1] (https://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/thema/denazification/), [2] (https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/west-german-government-full-ex-nazis-world-war-ii.html), [3] (https://www.businessinsider.com/former-nazi-officials-in-germany-post-world-war-ii-government-2016-10), [4] (https://theins.press/en/history/284592)
Leading Portfolios & Ministries
• The Federal Ministry of Justice (BMJV): Historical audits (the Rosenburg Project) found that between 1949 and 1973, 90 out of 170 senior officials (53%) were former NSDAP members. Shockingly, by 1957, 77% of top-level officials in the ministry had a Nazi past, with many having served as judges who handed down death sentences during the Third Reich. [1] (https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/96oxzc/til_in_the_1950s_more_than_77_of_all_german/), [2] (https://www.businessinsider.com/former-nazi-officials-in-germany-post-world-war-ii-government-2016-10), [3] (https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/west-german-justice-ministry-was-dominated-by-former-nazis-until-the-1970s-task-force-study-concludes-10-1-2016)
• The Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI): Between 1949 and 1961, 49% to 66% of leading positions were held by former NSDAP members, many of whom had also been in the SS or the paramilitary SA. [1] (https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/12/11/nazi-d11.html), [2] (https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4721039,00.html)
• The Federal Judiciary: By the mid-1950s, roughly 80% of judges and prosecutors serving on the Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) were former members of Hitler’s justice apparatus. [1] (https://theins.press/en/history/284592), [2] (https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-justice-system-contaminated-by-nazis-in-post-wwii-years-researchers-find/)
• Top Political Leadership: A total of 25 cabinet ministers, one Federal President (Walter Scheel), and one Chancellor (Kurt Georg Kiesinger) in West Germany’s history were verified former members of the Nazi Party. Furthermore, Hans Globke—who co-authored the official legal commentaries on the anti-Semitic Nuremberg Race Laws—served as Chancellor Konrad Adenauer’s highly powerful Chief of Staff from 1953 to 1963. [1] (https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/from-dictatorship-to-democracy-the-role-ex-nazis-played-in-early-west-germany-a-810207.html), [2] (https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/12/11/nazi-d11.html)
2. East Germany (German Democratic Republic - GDR)
East Germany officially branded itself as an "anti-fascist" state, claiming it had fully eliminated the capitalist structures that birthed Nazism. The Soviets initially conducted harsh purges, executing or imprisoning tens of thousands. However, the reality of running a functional state forced the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) to selectively reintegrate lower- and mid-tier "opportunists" (Profiteure). [1] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification), [2] (https://www.alliiertenmuseum.de/en/thema/denazification/)
• The Interior Ministry: While much lower than the West, an audit showed that roughly 14% of personnel in the East German Ministry of the Interior had former Nazi Party ties.
• The Volkskammer (Parliament): In the late 1950s, external analyses showed that over 10% of the East German Parliament consisted of former NSDAP members (e.g., 47 members in the 1958 parliament), including individuals who had served in the SS.
• The National People’s Army (NVA) & Stasi: When the East German military was officially founded in 1956, it relied heavily on veteran expertise. Historians estimate that up to 27% of the NVA's officer corps had previously served as officers in Hitler's Wehrmacht. Similarly, the Stasi routinely recruited former Gestapo or criminal police operatives for their specialized surveillance and interrogation skills.
• The NDPD Catalyst: East Germany strategically founded the National Democratic Party of Germany (NDPD) specifically as a satellite party to absorb, politically handle, and socialist-indoctrinate former nominal Nazis and Wehrmacht officers. [1] (https://www.jta.org/archive/47-ex-nazis-to-serve-in-new-east-german-parliament), [2] (https://www.zeit.de/wissen/geschichte/2015-11/nachkriegsdeutschland-nsdap-nazis-ministerien-studie), [3] (https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/west-german-government-full-ex-nazis-world-war-ii.html)
Comparison of Reintegration Styles
Sector West Germany (FRG) East Germany (GDR)
Judiciary & Law Very High Continuity: Up to 75–80% of top postwar judges/prosecutors were former Nazi jurists. Low Continuity: Replaced mostly with "People’s Judges" (Volksrichter) trained rapidly in socialist law.
Civil Service / Ministries Dominant: 50% to 77% of leadership in core ministries (Interior, Justice, Foreign). Moderate: Around 10–14% across state ministries, heavily supervised by communist loyalists.
Military & Intelligence High: The Gehlen Org (which became the BND) and early Bundeswehr relied fully on veteran Wehrmacht and Abwehr officers. Strategic Recruitment: Roughly 25%+ of early NVA officers were Wehrmacht veterans, but they were intensely vetted by Soviet security.
The "Profiteure" (Industrialists and Oligarchs)
Regarding economic profiteers, West Germany saw almost complete continuity. Allied attempts to dismantle major conglomerates that backed Hitler (like IG Farben, Krupp, and Flick) were quietly abandoned as the Cold War intensified. Industrial titans like Alfried Krupp and Friedrich Flick, though initially convicted of war crimes and utilization of slave labor at Nuremberg, were granted early clemency by U.S. High Commissioner John J. McCloy in the early 1950s. Their corporate empires were returned to them, and they quickly regained their status as the leading economic elite driving West Germany's Wirtschaftswunder (Economic Miracle).
Conversely, in East Germany, economic profiteers were entirely stripped of power. Their factories and assets were expropriated by the state without compensation and transformed into Soviet joint-stock companies or state-owned enterprises (VEBs).
Would you like to explore a specific historical report, such as the findings of the Rosenburg Project regarding the Justice Ministry, or details on how prominent individual corporate dynasties navigated denazification? [1] (https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/96oxzc/til_in_the_1950s_more_than_77_of_all_german/)
Was that year the greatest chance for a Jewish human to get a medal in an Olympics or World Championship on German soil?
No, 1972 was not the greatest chance. In fact, Jewish athletes won numerous medals and world championships on German soil both before and during that exact same year. [1] (https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_medals&lang=en), [2] (https://jewishsportshof.org/history/)
The premise that 1972 was the first or best opportunity overlooks two major historical realities: the 1936 Berlin Olympics, and the historic feats of other international Jewish athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics itself. [1] (https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_medals&lang=en), [2] (https://aish.com/olympic_silence/), [3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics)
1. The 1936 Nazi Olympics in Berlin
Despite intense state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the banning of German-Jewish athletes from the host team (with one exception), several international Jewish athletes competed in Berlin and won Gold and Silver medals on German soil directly in front of Adolf Hitler: [1] (https://mjhnyc.org/blog/the-summer-olympics-of-1936/), [2] (https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_medals&lang=en)
• Helene Mayer (Germany): The only athlete of Jewish descent permitted to represent Germany in 1936. She won the Silver medal in individual foil fencing.
• Endre Kabos (Hungary): Won two Gold medals in individual and team saber fencing.
• Karoly Karpati (Hungary): Won the Gold medal in freestyle wrestling.
• Samuel Balter (USA): Won a Gold medal in basketball.
• György Bródy & Miklos Sarkany (Hungary): Both won Gold medals in water polo.
• Robert Fein (Austria): Won a Gold medal in weightlifting. [1] (https://blog.cjh.org/index.php/2024/07/31/helene-mayer/), [2] (https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/sports-in-germany-1898-1938), [3] (https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_medals&lang=en), [4] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Mayer)
2. The 1972 Munich Olympics (Outside the Israeli Team)
While the 1972 Israeli delegation tragically did not win medals before their withdrawal, another Jewish athlete pulled off the single most dominant swimming performance in Olympic history at that exact same venue: [1] (https://aish.com/olympic_silence/), [2] (https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-massacre), [3] (https://forward.com/news/516460/mark-spitz-made-olympic-history-1972-jewish-identity/)
• Mark Spitz (USA): A Jewish-American swimmer, Spitz won a record-breaking 7 Gold medals at the 1972 Munich Games, setting a new World Record in every single event he swam. Because he was Jewish, he had to be secretly evacuated from Munich under armed guard immediately following the Black September terror attack due to fears he would be targeted next.
• Faina Melnik (USSR): The Soviet-Jewish discus thrower won the Gold medal and broke the Olympic record on the Munich track. [1] (https://forward.com/news/516460/mark-spitz-made-olympic-history-1972-jewish-identity/), [2] (https://aish.com/olympic_silence/), [3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics)
3. World Championships Before 1933
During the Weimar Republic era, Germany hosted multiple international tournaments where home-grown German-Jewish athletes dominated. For example, fencer Helene Mayer won the World Foil Championship multiple times, and legendary figures like boxer Erich Seelig and tennis star Daniel Prenn regular captured major titles on German soil before they were forcibly stripped of their accolades and exiled by the Nazi regime in 1933. [1] (https://www.fussballmuseum.de/en/museum/translate-to-en-ausstellung/special-exhibitions/between-success-and-persecution-jewish-stars-in-german-sport-up-to-1933-and-beyond), [2] (https://juedische-sportstars.de/en/background), [3] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Mayer)
Ultimately, while 1972 carried profound symbolic weight for the state of Israel to raise its flag in Germany, the "greatest chance" had already been realized decades prior by resilient Jewish competitors who stood on podiums in the heart of Berlin. [1] (https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/olympics/?content=jewish_athletes_medals&lang=en), [2] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IedXouOCpxU&t=124), [3] (https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2012-09-05/debates/12090526000001/MunichOlympicsMassacre)
Would you like to look closer at the stories of the Jewish athletes who won Gold in Berlin in 1936, or the extraordinary safety extraction of Mark Spitz from Munich in 1972?
How many fromer SS or NSDAP men were in security related positions in that year?
In 1972, the precise total number of former SS and NSDAP members across all security-related positions in Germany is not recorded as a single cumulative figure. However, official independent historical audits commissioned by the German government show that thousands of former Nazis occupied top-tier security roles during that exact year.
As West Germany hosted the 1972 Munich Olympics, its domestic intelligence, federal police, and military networks were in the middle of a generational shift, but they were still heavily staffed by individuals with Third Reich backgrounds. [1] (https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Publikationsreihen/PolizeiUndForschung/Sonderband2011SchattenDerVergangenheit.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)
1. The Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA)
The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA), West Germany's equivalent to the FBI, had one of the highest concentrations of former SS officers in the entire state.
• The Leadership Core: A comprehensive historical study commissioned by the BKA (Schatten der Vergangenheit) revealed that by the late 1950s, 33 out of 47 top-ranking BKA officials (70%) were former members of the SS, many originating from the murderous Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) or the Gestapo. [1] (https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Publikationsreihen/PolizeiUndForschung/Sonderband2011SchattenDerVergangenheit.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)
• The 1972 Landscape: By 1972, many of these figures had reached the peak of their influence or were just beginning to retire. For instance, Paul Dickopf, a former SS officer, served as the President of the BKA from 1965 until 1971 and was the President of Interpol until 1972. While a programmatic reform in 1969 began restructuring the BKA into a more modernized, tech-focused agency, dozens of mid-to-high-level investigators and department heads in 1972 were veterans of Nazi wartime policing. [1] (https://www.bka.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Publikationsreihen/PolizeiUndForschung/Sonderband2011SchattenDerVergangenheit.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2)
2. The Federal Intelligence Service (BND)
West Germany's foreign intelligence agency, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), was systematically built out of the "Gehlen Organization"—a network completely comprised of Third Reich military intelligence veterans. [1] (https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/obscuring-the-past-intelligence-agency-destroyed-files-on-former-ss-members-a-800809.html), [2] (https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/intelligence-agency-s-murky-past-the-nazi-criminals-who-became-german-spooks-a-745640.html)
• The "General" & His Network: Reinhard Gehlen, a former Wehrmacht Major General under Hitler, led the agency directly up until 1968.
• The Scale: Historical audits indicate that during the peak decades leading into the early 1970s, up to 10% to 25% of BND operatives had been members of the SS, SD, or Gestapo. In fact, an internal agency investigation overseen during the late 1960s and early 1970s identified at least 200 to 300 active BND employees with heavy, prosecutable Nazi backgrounds, leading to quiet, internal dismissals to prevent public fallout. [1] (https://www.bnd.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/bnd-sonderausgabe.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2), [2] (https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/obscuring-the-past-intelligence-agency-destroyed-files-on-former-ss-members-a-800809.html), [3] (https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/intelligence-agency-s-murky-past-the-nazi-criminals-who-became-german-spooks-a-745640.html)
3. State and Municipal Police (The Munich Context)
At the local level, where the local security framework for the 1972 Munich Olympics was actually built, institutional continuity was also widespread. [1] (https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacre-hostage-terrorism-israel-germany), [2] (https://www.history.com/articles/munich-massacre-olympics)
• Across West German states like Bavaria, postwar police forces were heavily reconstructed using regional Weimar-era officers who had transitioned directly into the Nazi police forces from 1933 to 1945.
• The "Cheerful Games" Strategy: Ironically, the presence of these older-generation officers heavily influenced the catastrophic security response to the Black September attack. Desperate to project an image of a new, democratic Germany that was the exact opposite of Hitler's 1936 Berlin Olympics, security planners intentionally kept the police presence unarmed, casual, and hidden. The local Munich police force lacked any specialized anti-terrorism command, heavily contributing to the botched tactical rescue attempt. [1] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IedXouOCpxU), [2] (https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacre-hostage-terrorism-israel-germany), [3] (https://www.history.com/articles/munich-massacre-olympics)
4. East Germany’s Security Apparatus (Stasi & NVA)
While East Germany loudly claimed its security apparatus was entirely "denazified," communist authorities strategically utilized former regime members for their professional utility. [1] (https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/law/crime-and-law-enforcement/east-germany-office-national-security)
• The Stasi: The East German Ministry for State Security (Stasi) expanded aggressively in 1972. While the upper echelon was strictly reserved for communist veterans, thousands of lower-level informants and operational specialists—particularly within criminal forensics and tactical surveillance—were quietly retained despite their pasts in the Gestapo or Nazi municipal police.
• The Military (NVA): When the National People's Army was organized, a significant portion of its founding officer corps consisted of former Wehrmacht officers. By 1972, political purges and age retirement had reduced their numbers significantly, but specialized logistical, engineering, and tactical divisions still heavily relied on old-guard military experts. [1] (https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/law/crime-and-law-enforcement/east-germany-office-national-security)
So after a horrific defeat of the Nazi Regime, these men and woman missed by the Terror Attack to wittness a Jewish Woman and the Israeli Anthem played in their now Democratic Republic to never witness a such great moment ever?
Yes, that historical intersection highlights a striking and deeply grim irony.
The 1972 games were explicitly marketed by West German organizers as “The Cheerful Games”, designed with an un-armed, welcoming aesthetic specifically to overwrite the haunting memory of Hitler’s heavily militarized 1936 Berlin Olympics. [1] (https://www.npr.org/2022/09/04/1116641214/munich-olympics-massacre-hostage-terrorism-israel-germany)
The historical tension you are pointing out can be broken down into two distinct realities:
1. The Denied Moment in 1972
Had the Black September terrorist attack not occurred, old-regime remnants operating inside the BKA, the BND, and regional police structures would have stood guard over an historic athletic event: a Jewish woman, Esther Roth-Shachamorov, competing at the absolute highest tier of an Olympic Final on German soil. [1] (https://jewishsportshof.org/listings/esther-roth-sachamarov/), [2] (https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-massacre)
Because her coach, Amitzur Shapira, was among those murdered in the village, Israel withdrew from the Games. The opportunity for those men and women of the old apparatus to witness an Israeli athlete potentially stand on a West German podium while the Hatikvah (the Israeli national anthem) played was entirely shattered by the security failure. [1] (https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/roth-shachamorov-esther), [2] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shahamorov), [3] (https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-massacre)
2. The Quiet Postscript in 1976
However, they did ultimately have to witness her resilience—and it happened directly on German soil.
After making history at the 1976 Montreal Olympics as the first Israeli to ever reach an Olympic track final (finishing 6th in the 100m hurdles), Roth-Shachamorov did something remarkably brave. Just two months after the Montreal Games, she flew directly to West Germany to compete in the prestigious ISTAF Berlin track meet. [1] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shachamorov), [2] (https://www.olympicsil.co.il/en/montreal-1976/)
It was her very first time competing on German territory since the trauma of the Munich massacre. At that event, she blew past her competition, setting a blistering new personal best of 12.93 seconds in the 100-meter hurdles—a record that stood as the absolute pinnacle of Israeli track and field for 26 years. [1] (https://www.haaretz.com/sports/2014-04-19/ty-article/.premium/after-42-years-track-record-broken/0000017f-e0fb-d568-ad7f-f3fbda550000), [2] (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Roth-Shachamorov)
While an Olympic podium anthem moment was stolen from her in Munich, her triumphant return to Berlin forced the remaining old-guard sports officials, security figures, and spectators of that era to watch a Jewish athlete dominate on their tracks, entirely on her own terms.
Would you like to explore how the 1972 tragedy reshaped international airport and sports security globally, or read more about Esther's emotional return to Berlin in late 1976?
Can you imagine the reactions of Germany when a Jewish woman would have won the 100 meters? Like what could have Die Welt printed?
If Esther Roth-Shachamorov (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0b7n5f&q=Esther+Roth-Shachamorov) had won the 100 meters, it would have been the most politically charged, emotionally overwhelming, and widely analyzed moment in postwar Olympic history.
To understand what West Germany's reaction would have been—and specifically what a major conservative daily newspaper like Die Welt would have printed—we have to look at the exact political landscape of August 1972. Chancellor Willy Brandt was pursuing Ostpolitik (reconciliation with the East), the country was desperate to shed the ghost of 1936, and the conservative press was highly focused on national pride, security, and West Germany's standing in the Western world.
Here is an analysis of how Germany would have reacted, followed by a historical simulation of a Die Welt front page.
The Broader German Reaction: A Mix of Relief and Historic Guilt
• The Official Elite: For Chancellor Willy Brandt and the political establishment, an Israeli victory on German soil would have been viewed as a profound, almost miraculous gift of historical closure. They would have framed it as absolute proof that the "New Germany" was a safe, democratic haven where history had come full circle.
• The Public: The West German crowds in the Olympiastadion—who had already shown immense warmth to the Israeli delegation during the Opening Ceremony—would have given her a historic, minutes-long standing ovation.
• The Old Guard: For the former NSDAP and SS members still sitting in the ministries and security offices, the reaction would have been a complex mix of professional compliance and deep psychological discomfort. They would have been forced to orchestrate the protocol, stand at attention, and secure the perimeter while the star of David was raised in a stadium built to celebrate West German democracy.
What Die Welt Would Have Printed (Front Page Simulation)
In 1972, Die Welt was the flagship conservative newspaper of the Axel Springer publishing house. Axel Springer himself was a staunch, passionate defender of the State of Israel and made reconciliation with the Jewish people a core corporate mandate of his media empire.
A front-page headline from Die Welt on the morning after her victory would have looked exactly like this:
DIE WELT
UNABHÄNGIGE TAGESZEITUNG FÜR DEUTSCHLAND
Hamburg / Berlin, 4. September 1972
Triumph der Geschichte in München: Eine Jüdin stürmt zu Gold
Der hellste Tag der Heiteren Spiele / Esther Roth-Shachamorov (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0b7n5f&q=Esther+Roth-Shachamorov) siegt über 100 Meter / Minutenlange Ovationen im Olympiastadion
MÜNCHEN – Es war der Moment, in dem die Zeit im Münchener Olympiastadion für einen Augenblick stillstand, bevor ein beispielloser Jubelsturm losbrach. Die 20-jährige israelische Sprinterin Esther Roth-Shachamorov hat gestern Nachmittag das Finale über 100 Meter der Frauen gewonnen. In einem Wimpernschlagfinale setzte sie sich gegen die favorisierte Weltrekordlerin Renate Stecher aus der DDR durch.
Als die Flagge des Staates Israel am Münchener Masten emporgezogen wurde und die Klänge der Hatikvah durch das Stadionhallten, erhoben sich 80.000 Zuschauer von ihren Plätzen. Viele weinten. Es ist das erste olympische Gold für den jungen Staat Israel – und es wird auf deutschem Boden gehasst, errungen vor den Augen einer Welt, die vor 36 Jahren in Berlin noch Zeuge des dunkelsten Kapitels unseres Jahrhunderts wurde.
Der Geist von 1936 ist endgültig besiegt
Ein Kommentar von unserem Chefredakteur
Was wir gestern in München erleben durften, war mehr als ein sportlicher Triumph. Es war ein historischer Gnadenerweis für unsere junge Bundesrepublik. 1936 missbrauchten die Nationalsozialisten die Olympischen Ringe, um ihren Rassenwahn zu zelebrieren und jüdische Athleten auszugrenzen. Gestern Abend hat das neue, demokratische Deutschland bewiesen, dass es ein würdiger Gastgeber für die Heimkehr der jüdischen Jugend in den Kreis der Völker ist.
Gewiss, dieser Sieg tilgt keine Schuld der Vergangenheit. Doch das ehrliche, ergreifende Bild deutscher Zuschauer, die Arm in Arm mit der israelischen Delegation den Sieg einer jüdischen Frau feiern, zeigt: Dieses Land hat sich gewandelt. München hat die Geister von Berlin vertrieben. Bundeskanzler Brandt sprach am Abend von einem „Sieg der Menschlichkeit“. Dem ist nichts hinzuzufügen. Israel feiert seine Heldin, und Deutschland feiert mit.
Why this hypothetical moment makes the real history so much darker
Seeing how perfectly a victory by Roth-Shachamorov would have fulfilled West Germany's dream of "The Cheerful Games" highlights the exact reason why the Black September terrorists chose the Israeli team as their target.
The terrorists didn't just attack individuals; they deliberately shattered the exact image of peace, reconciliation, and post-war German democracy that Die Welt and the West German government were preparing to celebrate.
Would you like to examine Axel Springer's unique personal relationship with Israel and how it shaped his newspapers' coverage of the Munich crisis, or look at how the East German press (like Neues Deutschland) would have spun the race if their runner, Renate Stecher, had lost to an Israeli?
#cyberpunkcoltoure #idomindthebollocksBKA
Here is how a hypothetical commentary by Ulf Poschardt (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0z84h0q&q=Ulf+Poschardt) would read. He would view her victory not just through a political lens, but as a hyper-modern aesthetic triumph—using a signature blend of lifestyle philosophy, philosophical high-brow terms, and sharp critiques of German bureaucratic anxieties:
Die Leichtigkeit des Seins über 100 Meter
Ein Kommentar von Ulf Poschardt (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0z84h0q&q=Ulf+Poschardt)
Was für ein unerträglicher, wunderbarer Schock für die deutsche Seele. Während unsere Funktionäre und Ministerialdirigenten – gefangen in ihrer ewigen, bleiernen Sehnsucht nach bürokratischer Absicherung und aktenkundiger Harmonie – noch krampfhaft versuchten, das Zerrbild eines „heiteren“ Alibi-Deutschlands zu verwalten, bricht plötzlich die absolute Gegenwart über die Aschebahn herein.
Esther Roth-Shachamorov läuft die 100 Meter nicht nur schneller als der Rest der Welt. Sie läuft sie mit einer radikalen, fast existenzialistischen Coolness. Ihr Sieg über Renate Stecher aus der DDR ist weit mehr als das bloße Überqueren einer Ziellinie; es ist der ultimative Triumph des kinetischen Individualismus über das graue, kollektivistische System-Doping des Ostblocks. Ein popkultureller Moment purer, unkorrumpierbarer Ästhetik.
Man muss sich die Szene auf der Tribüne vorstellen. Da sitzen sie, die grauen Herren der bundesrepublikanischen Nachkriegs-Nomenklatur, viele davon psychologisch noch immer im Schutzgraben ihrer eigenen verdrängten Kontinuitäten verbarrikadiert. Männer, die das Schicksal am liebsten weglächeln oder wegverwalten würden. Und dann blicken sie hinab auf eine junge, jüdische Frau, die in ihrer athletischen Brillanz die absolute Antithese zu allem verkörpert, was die völkischen Ideologen von 1936 je erträumten.
Das ist kein braver Staatsakt zur Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Das ist Rock ’n’ Roll auf Kunststoff.
Wenn die Hatikvah durch das Zeltdach von Frei Otto hallt, dann feiert hier kein verordneter Antifaschismus und keine staatstragende Demut. Es feiert das nackte, vitale Leben. Ein glitzernder, arroganter Sieg der Freiheit über die Geister der Spießbürgerlichkeit. Die Bundesrepublik wollte ein braves, gezähmtes Schaufenster sein. Roth-Shachamorov hat daraus ein Epizentrum der Moderne gemacht. Wer da keine Tränen in den Augen hat, hat das Prinzip der Freiheit nie verstanden.
Would you like to see how East Germany's state-run newspaper, Neues Deutschland, would have handled the ideological shock of their top athlete losing to an Israeli runner?
(Grammerly Free AI translator)
The Lightness of Being over 100 Meters
A commentary by Ulf Poschardt (https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=%2Fm%2F0z84h0q&q=Ulf+Poschardt)
What an unbearable, wonderful shock for the German soul. While our officials and ministerial directors—trapped in their eternal, leaden longing for bureaucratic safeguards and harmony on the record—were still desperately trying to administer the caricature of a “cheerful” alibi Germany, the absolute present suddenly burst onto the cinder track.
Esther Roth-Shachamorov does not merely run the 100 meters faster than the rest of the world. She runs it with a radical, almost existentialist coolness. Her victory over Renate Stecher from East Germany is far more than simply crossing a finish line; it is the ultimate triumph of kinetic individualism over the gray, collectivist system-doping of the Eastern Bloc. A pop-cultural moment of pure, incorruptible aesthetics.
One has to imagine the scene in the stands. There they sit, the gray men of the Federal Republic’s postwar nomenklatura, many of them still psychologically barricaded in the trenches of their own repressed continuities. Men who would rather smile away or bureaucratically manage away the forces of fate. And then they look down at a young Jewish woman who, in her athletic brilliance, embodies the absolute antithesis of everything the völkisch ideologues of 1936 ever dreamed of.
This is not some dutiful state ceremony of coming to terms with the past. This is rock ’n’ roll on plastic.
When “Hatikvah” echoes through Frei Otto’s tent roof, this is not mandated anti-fascism or state-sanctioned humility being celebrated. It is naked, vital life. A glittering, arrogant victory of freedom over the spirits of narrow-minded conformity. The Federal Republic wanted to be a dutiful, domesticated shop window. Roth-Shachamorov turned it into an epicenter of modernity. Anyone who does not have tears in their eyes at that moment has never understood the principle of freedom.
Would you like to see how East Germany's state-run newspaper, Neues Deutschland, would have handled the ideological shock of their top athlete losing to an Israeli runner?